↑ In this theory, Khentkaus I possibly remarried Userkaf after the death of her first husband Shepseskaf[46] and became the mother of Sahure and his successor on the throne Neferirkare Kakai.[47] This theory is based on the fact that Khentkaus was known to have borne the title of mwt nswt bity nswt bity, which could be translated as "mother of two kings". Some Egyptologists have therefore proposed that Khentkaus was the mother of Sahure and the historical figure on which the Rededjet of the Westcar Papyrus is based.[48] Following the discoveries of Verner and El-Awady in Abusir this theory was abandoned and the role of Khentkaus has been re-appraised. In particular, it is now understood that there were two queens Khentkaus, both of whom may have bore two kings, the latest one being the mother of Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini. In addition, an ephemeral pharaoh Djedefptah may have ruled between Shepseskaf and Userkaf, further troubling the circumstances of the rise of the Fifth Dynasty.[46]
↑ The transliteration of the inscription is [s3-nswt] smsw Rˁ-nfr.[59]
↑ Often translated as "Hereditary prince" or "Hereditary noble" and more precisely "Concerned with the nobility", this title denotes a highly exalted position.[75]
↑ Ludwig Borchardt, who discovered this heset vase, noticed that the vase was not functional, being of plain wood, plaster, mortar and with no cavity. Consequently, he hypothesised that the vase was meant to be used in funerary rituals as a symbol of the functioning vessels made of precious materials employed in the temple.[85]
↑ The surviving fragments of the annal likely date to the much later 25th Dynasty (fl. 760–656 BCE), but they were certainly copied or compiled from Old Kingdom sources.[90]
↑ Known in modern Egyptology as Ranefer A since pharaoh Neferefre was also called Ranefer before ascending the throne and is thus called Ranefer B.[93]
↑ Located in Heliopolis, Keraha was believed to be the site of the battle between Horus and Seth.[96]
↑ Or Setibrau, transliteration St-ib-Rˁ(.w) in Ancient Egyptian.[150]
↑ Ancient Egyptian transliteration Grḥ n Rˁ(.w).[153]
